AS-2569
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 is a very
fine-grain, medium-speed color-reversal aerial camera film.
EXPOSURE
Aerial Film Speeds (EAFS or ISO A equivalent) should not
This film has excellent color rendition and good image
be confused with conventional film speeds, which are
quality.
designed for roll and sheet films used in pictorial
photography. The characteristics of aerial scenes differ
markedly from those of ordinary pictorial or ground scenes
because of the smaller range in subject luminance,
It has an ESTAR Base with a clear gel backing. The
ESTAR Base has good optical qualities and provides
flexibility, moisture resistance, high tear resistance, and
excellent dimensional stability.
atmospheric haze conditions, and other factors. Therefore,
This film can be processed in Process AR-5 using
different film-speed characteristics are used to relate
KODAK EA-5 Chemicals in modern, continuous-processing
aerial-scene characteristics to practical exposure
machines such as the KODAK Aerial Color Processor,
recommendations.
Model 1611 or the KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor,
The KODAK Aerial Exposure Computer, KODAK
Model 1811. It can also be processed in rewind equipment
Publication AS-10, has been published based on the aerial
such as the Gordon/Morse rewind equipment.
film speed criterion.
Nominal speed, daylight (no filter): EAFS or ISO A 32
APPLICATIONS
(based on development in KODAK EA-5 Chemicals)
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 is intended for
Note: The Aerial Film Speed given in this publication is
rounded to the nearest cube root of 2 step (equivalent to 1⁄3
stop).
low- to medium-altitude mapping and reconnaissance
applications. It provides positive color transparencies
suitable for projection, direct viewing, or making color
prints.
Filters
No color-correction filters are used with this film, although a
haze filter, such as a KODAK WRATTEN Filter HF-3 or
No. 2B may be necessary for reducing the effects of
atmospheric haze.
BASE
3.9-mil (0.10 mm) ESTAR Base with a clear gel backing.
TOTAL FILM THICKNESS
Typical Camera Exposure
The nominal total thickness (unprocessed) of this film is
5.44 mils (0.14 mm). This includes emulsion—1.04 mil
(0.03 mm), base—3.9 mils (0.10 mm), and backing—
0.50 mil (0.013 mm).
A typical exposure for this film is approximately 1⁄500
second at f⁄4.7. This exposure is based on a solar altitude of
40 degrees, a clear day, and an aircraft altitude of 5000 feet.
When using an aerial camera equipped with an
antivignetting filter, or other filter, it is important to increase
this typical exposure by the filter factor of the filter used.
WEIGHT
The weight of AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427
(unprocessed), conditioned in equilibrium with 50 percent
relative humidity, is 0.038 lbs/sq ft (0.0172 kg/sq ft).
IMAGE STRUCTURE
The following data are based on processing in KODAK EA-5
Chemicals, Process AR-5.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
This multilayer, color-reversal film is balanced for daylight
exposure.
Resolving Power (line pairs/mm)
rms Granularity*
TOC 1.6:1
TOC 1000:1
80
100
13
*Granularity values read at a net green diffuse density of 1.0 with a
48-micrometre aperture.
SAFELIGHT
Total darkness is required.
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2005
Processing Sequence—3.5 fpm
Replenishment and Wash Rates—3.5 fpm
KODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611
Models 1611 and 1811 with Quick-Change*
Solution/
Step
Tank
No.
Time
(Seconds)
Basic
Rate
(mL/sq ft)
Film Width
5-in
(mL/min) (mL/min)
Solution Temperature
—
Solution/
Step
70 mm
9 1/2-in
(mL/min)
SKIP
TANKS
1, 2, 3
4, 5
21.3
First
Developer
150
200
120
160
220
290
415
555
First
Developer
141.6
(49.4 ± 0.3°C) 121 ± 0.5°F
First Stop
Wash
First Stop
Wash
6
7
70.5
71.3
(46 ± 3°C) 115 ± 5°F
—2 gal/min—
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
Color
Developer
250
200
200
160
365
290
695
555
Color
Developer
8, 9
10
140.7
71.1
(49 ± 0.6°C) 120 ± 1°F
Second
Stop
Second
Stop
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
Wash
Bleach
Fixer
—2 gal/min (Model 1611 only)—
Wash
Bleach
Fixer
Final Wash* 14, 15,
16
11
12
13
70.5
70.3
71.3
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
90
75
80
130
145
250
275
100
Final
Wash†
—2 gal/min—
211.3
106.5
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
* These rates have been rounded to the nearest usable increment.
† Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 16 (Model 1611) or tank
18 (Model 1811) of the final wash at a rate of 50 mL/min for all film
widths. In the Model 1611, this was flows countercurrent to tanks 15 and
14. In the Model 1811, this wash overflows from tank 17 into tank 14.
Dryer
—
(63 ± 3°C) 145 ± 5°
* Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 16 of the final wash at a
rate of 50 mL/min for all film widths.
KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811,
Quick-Change
Processing Sequence—5.3 fpm
Solution/
Step
Tank
No.
Time
(Seconds)
KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811
Solution Temperature
—
Solution/
Step
Tank
No.
Time
(Seconds)
Solution Temperature
—
SKIP
TANKS
1 - 6
7, 8
39.3
SKIP
TANKS
1, 2, 3
4, 5, 6
14.6
First
Developer
141.3
(49.4 ± 0.3°C) 121 ± 0.5°F
First
140.3
(49.4 ± 0.3°C) 121 ± 0.5°F
First Stop
Wash
9
70.3
71.3
(46 ± 3°C) 115 ± 5°F
Developer
10
(49 ± 3°C 120 ± 5°F)
First Stop
Wash
7
8
46.9
46.9
(46 ± 3°C) 115 ± 5°F
Color
Developer
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
11, 12
13
140.7
70.3
(49 ± 0.6°C) 120 ± 1°F
Color
Developer
9, 10,
11, 12
187.5
46.9
(49 ± 0.6°C) 120 ± 1°F
Second
Stop
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
Second
Stop
13
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
Wash
Bleach
Fixer
Final Wash* 17, 18
Dryer†
14
15
16
71.3
70.5
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(60 ± 3°C) 140 ± 5°F
Wash
14
15
16
17
18
46.9
46.9
46.9
46.9
46.9
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
(49 ± 3°C) 120 ± 5°F
—Equilibrium—*
71.1
Bleach
Fixer
140.7
147.3
—
Wash
*Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 18 of the final wash at a
rate of 50 mL/min for all film widths.
†Set air damper control knobs at 8. The temperature of the dryer may
require adjustment depending on the ambient temperature and humidity
conditions in the processing area.
Stabilizer
Dryer
(Vents set
—
97.8
(60 ± 3°C) 140 ± 5°F
at 8)†
*No temperature controlling device is provided; solution temperature
attains “equilibrium” depending on temperature of replenisher and
surrounding conditions.
†Set air damper control knob at 8. The dryer temperature may require
adjustment depending on the ambient temperature and humidity
conditions in the processing area.
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 • AS-2569
3
Replenishment and Wash Rates—5.3 fpm
PROCESS CONTROL
KODAK Control Strips, Process AR-5, are available and are
recommended for monitoring the processing of 2427 Film
and several other color aerial films in KODAK
roller-transport processors using EA-5 chemicals. For
detailed information on process control and
trouble-shooting, refer to “Using Processes AR-5 and AN-5
for KODAK Color Aerial Films,” KODAK
Publication Z-200.
Model 1811, Standard Configuration*
Film Width
5-in
(mL/min) (mL/min) (mL/min)
Basic
Rate
(mL/sq ft)
Solution/
Step
70 mm
9 1/2-in
First
Developer
150
200
185
245
330
440
630
840
First Stop
Wash
—2 gal/min—
Color
Developer
250
200
305
245
550
440
1050
840
PRINTING TRANSPARENCIES
You can reproduce images made on AEROCHROME III MS
Film by using a variety of Kodak materials.
Second
Stop
Bleach
90
110
120
200
220
380
420
Fixer
100
Color Transparencies
Wash†
Stabilizer
—2 gal/min—
You can make duplicates directly on KODAK
PROFESSIONAL EKTACHROME Duplicating Film
EDUPE. Or, you could scan your image to a file or have an
internegative made, and print it on KODAK
PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Clear Display Material.
120
145
265
505
*These rates have been rounded to the nearest usable increment.
†This wash overflows from tank 17 into tank 14.
Bleach Regeneration
Color Prints
You could scan your image to a file or have an internegative
made, and print it on—
Regeneration of used EA-5 Bleach will reduce processing
solution costs and substantially reduce the amount of bleach
discarded to the sewer. Collection and treatment tanks for
bleach overflow solution and chemical testing capability are
required. A detailed laboratory procedure is available from
Eastman Kodak Company.
KODAK PROFESSIONAL PORTRA, SUPRA, and
ULTRA ENDURA Papers
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Transparency
Display Material
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Metallic Paper
REWIND PROCESSING
Note: This is not a primary recommendation.
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 yields
optimum results with modern, high-temperature,
continuous-processing machines. It can be processed in
rewind equipment, although this method is not a primary
processing recommendation. Eastman Kodak Company no
longer offers packaged chemicals for such processing.
Customers wishing to use rewind equipment such as the
Gordon/Morse M-10 Developing Outfit (Military
Designator: B-5) may contact Aerial Imaging for
information on exposure, processing chemicals, process
cycles, and general recommendations.
4
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 • AS-2569
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
SIZE DATA AND ORDERING
INFORMATION
Information on available sizes and minimum order
quantities of this film is available on the web at
Aerial Imaging
The dimensional stability of aerial films is of particular
interest and importance in accurate mapping and in the
reproduction of maps.
Dimensional stability is an all-inclusive term. In
photography, it applies to size changes caused by changes in
humidity and in temperature, and by processing and aging.
The absence of solvent in ESTAR Base is one of the reasons
why ESTAR Base films show excellent dimensional
stability. The dimensional properties of ESTAR Base may
vary slightly in different directions within a sheet; the
differences that may exist, however, are not always between
the length and width directions.
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, New York 14650-0505
(585) 724-4688
Toll-free in the US: (877) 909-4280
Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication
used with KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 are
available from those dealers normally supplying Kodak
products. Other materials may be used, but equivalent
results may not be obtained.
Temporary Dimensional Changes
Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
0.001%
per degree F of change
per degree C of change
0.0018%
Humidity Coefficient of Linear Expansion (Unprocessed):
0.0025% per 1% change in relative humidity
Permanent Dimensional Changes
Processing Dimensional Change:
-0.03 to +0.02%
shrinkage to swell
Aging Shrinkage of Processed Film:
1 week at (49°C) 120°F , 20% RH
1 year at (25.5°C) 78°F , 60% RH
0.06%
0.03%
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427 • AS-2569
5
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS Film 2427
CURVES
Characteristic Curves
Spectral Sensitivity
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
Daylight
Exposure:
Process: AR-5 / 2427
Densitometry: Status A
R
1.0
G
B
Magenta-
Forming
Layer
Cyan-
Forming
Layer
Yellow-
Forming
Layer
0.0
1.0
2.0
Exposure
Effective Exposure:
Process: AR-5
Density: 1.0, Equivalent Neutral Density (END)
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
WAVELENGTH (nm)
0.0
*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm2 ) required
to produce specified density
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Modulation Transfer Function
Spectral Dye Density
1.4
Normalized Dyes to form a visual neutral density of
1.0 for a viewing illuminant of 5000 K
Process: AR-5
200
100
1.2
Visual Neutral
70
50
1
30
20
B
G
R
0.8
10
7
Cyan
Yellow
0.6
0.4
0.2
Magenta
5
3
2
Exposure:Daylight
Process: AR-5
1
1
2
3
4 5
10
20
50
100 200
600
SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)
0.0
400
500
600
700
WAVELENGTH (nm)
NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do not represent
standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing condtions will affect results.
The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.
Aerial Imaging
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505
KODAK AEROCHROME III MS
Film 2427
Kodak, Aerochrome, Estar, Ektachrome, and Wratten are trademarks.
Revised 11-05
Printed in U.S.A.
KODAK Publication No. AS-2569
TI2569
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